Искусства и ремесла Средневековья

340 A1-ts апd C1·afts iп tl1e l\1iddle Ages

restrictions, the bookseller was admitted to the rights and privileges of tЬе University. As clients of the Univeгsity, thesc trades, which ,vere associated ,vitl-1 book making, joined in the "solemn processioпs" of thosc times; booksellers, Ьinders, parcl1ment шakers, and illuminatoгs, аН maгchcd togethe1· on tl1ese occasions. They were oЫiged to рау toll to tЬе RectOI' for t]1esc privileges; tl1e recipe for iпk ,vas а carefully guarded secret. It now becomes our рагt to study the books tЬem­ selves, and see ,vhat results wel'e oЬtained Ьу applying аН the a1·ts involved in their making. Tl1e t1·ansition froш the Roman illuminations to the Byzantine may Ье traced to the time ,vhen Constantine moved Ьis seat of gove1·nment from Rome to Constanti­ nople. Constantinople then became t]1e centre of leaгn­ ing, and books were written there iп great numbers. For some centшies Constantinople was the chief city in the art of illumiпating. Tl1e style that he1·e grew up ex­ hiblted the same featнres that characteгized Byzantine art in mosaic and decOI'ation. The 01·ie11tal influence dis­ played itself iп а lavis]1 нsе of gold ancl соlош; tl1e rem­ nant of Classical art \Yas slig11t, but шау sometimes Ье detected iп the subjects cЬosen, and tl1e ideas em_ bodied. ТЬе G1·eek influence \,Vas tЬе stl'Ongcst. But th _ e Gгeek art of the seventh and eighth centшies was not at all like thc Classic a1·t of eai·lier Gгеесе; а conventioпal type had eпtered ,,·ith Chгistianity, and is chiefly recognized Ьу а stubbOI'n confoгmity to precedent. It