Искусства и ремесла Средневековья

214 A1·ts and Crafts in tl1e l\iiddle Ages

In attacking such а subject as sculpture in thc Middle Ages it is impossiЫe to do шаге than indicate the gene1·al tendencies in diffcrent coнntгics. But theгe а1·е ccгtain defined chaгactcristics an obseгvancc of ,vhich ,Yill шаkе clear to any readeг vaгioнs fнвdaшental principles Ьу ,Yliich it is casy to deteгшine the appгoximate age and style of woгks. In the first place, the gгeat general гule of tгeatmeвt of stone in tl1e North and in the Soutl1 is to Ье mentioпed. Iп the Northern cotшtгies, France, Gerшany, апd England, the stone wliich ,Yas cmployed for bнildiпgs and their decoгations ,,таs oЬtainaЫe in la1·ge Ыocks and masscs; it was what, fог our pшposes, we ,vill call oгdina1'Y stone, and coнld Ье used in the solid; the1·cfшe it \Vas possiЫe for caлring in the Noгth to Ье гendcг�d as deeply апd as гoundly as the sculptoг desiгed. Iп Soнthern countries, 110,vever, and chiefly in Italy, tl1e stone used fог buildiпg was поt огdiпагу, but seшi­ precious stoпe. МагЫе, porphyгy, and alabasteг ,vcre availaЫe; and the use of sнcl1 шaterial led to а diffeгent ideal in architccture and decoгation, - that of incrusta­ tion instead of solid piling. These vаlнаЫе stones of Italy could поt Ье нsed, generally speaking, in vast Ыocks, into which the chisel was at libeгty to plough as it pleased; when а mass of mагЫе ог alabaster was oЬtained, the resthetic soul of tl1e Italian cгaftsшan revolted against shutting пр all that Ьеанtу of veining and textшe in the confines of а solid squarc, of which only the two sides shoнld ever Ье visiЫe, and often