Искусства и ремесла Средневековья

Illшnination of Books

327

Thc carliest known cxamplc of ,voгk Ьу а Europcan шonk dates from the усаг 517; but shortly aftcr this t]1еге was а gгeat increase in book making, and monas­ tcries wcre foundcd cspecially fог thc ршроsс of pe1·­ pctuating liteгature. Thc fi1·st estaЫishment of this soгt ,vas the шonastcry of '1ivaгia, in Southeгn Italy, foundcd Ьу Cassiodoгus, а Gгeek ,vho livcd between thc ycars 479 and 575, and ,vho had bcen thc scгibe (ое "private sесгсtагу") of Theodoгic the GotЬ. About tl1c same time, St. СоlшпЬа iп Iгcland foнnded а house ,vitl1 thc intention of multiplyiпg books, so tlшt iп thc sixtl1 ccntury, in ЬоtЬ the cxtгcrnc North and in the South, tl1e religioнs order·s lшd commcnced tЬе gгcat \Уогk of preserving for futшe agcs thc lite1·ature of tl1e past апd of theiг own tirnes. 13еfоге examining tЪе books thcmsclves, it ,vill Ье iпtcгesting to obscгve the conditions under whicl1 tl1e ,vork was accornplished. Sornctirncs the scгipt01·iнm ,vas а laгge lшll or· stнdio, ,vit11 Yaгious desks аЬонt; somctirnes the Noгth "'alk of thc cloistcг ,vas tlivided iпto little cells, callcd " caпcls," iв each of ,vhich ,vas гооm for the ,vгiter, his dcsk, and а little shelf fог his inks and colours. These caпels may Ье sееп in unusual per·fection in Gloucester. In ve1·y cold ,vcathce а small bгazicr of chaгcoal was also intгoduccd. Cassiodoгus wгitcs thнs of tЬе privilege of being а copyist of holy books. " Не шау fill l1is шind with the Scriptures while copying tl1e sayiпgs of the Loгd; with his fiпgcrs he gives 1ife to шсв ancl aгms against thc