Искусства и ремесла Средневековья

216 A1·ts and Crafts iп tl1e l\Iiddle Ages

was the autlюr of any strikiпg piecc of sculptuгe, ,vЬile in Fraпce it is the cxception wl1en а work is signcd, 01· tl1e names of artisans recorded. In Italy, then, еасЬ piecc ,vas made more with а vie,v to its o,vn display, thaп as а рагt of а building, while iп France statuaгy ,vas re­ gai·ded as an integi-al part of tЬс aгchitectuгe, and rows of figшes ,Yere used as commonly as гo,vs of colшnns jп Italy. It is tragic to tl1iпk of tЬе pe1·sonal skill ашl bгilliaпcy of all these gгeat Fгcnch cгaftsmen beiпg absoгbecl in onc gcneгal гepнtation, ,vhile thcгe \\'СГе undouЬtedly aшong tl1eш gгeat агt peгsonalities ,Уlю woulcl Ьаvс stood equally ,vith the Pisaпi if they had been гecogпized. А good deal of flat caгving, especially in tl1e inteгlace and acanthus of Rаvеппа, was accoшplished lJy coш­ mcncing with а series of dгilled holes, which ,vегс afteг­ ,va1·ds channelled into eacl1 оtЬег апd fшmed patteгns. ,v11en the subsequent finisЬ is not paгticulaгly delicate, it is quite easy to detect these symшetгical lюles, but the effect, undeг the ciгcuшstaвces, is not objectionaЫe. ТЬе pгocesss of cutting а bas-гelief ,vas geneгally to outline the whole ,vitl1 ап incision, and thcn снt a,vay the backgгound, leaving tl1e siшple eleYated flat value, the shape of the pгoposed dcsign. Tl1e modelliпg ,vas then added hy degгees, нпtil the figuгe looked like lialf of а rounded object. ,vhile it is often uпpгactical to refeг one's гeaders to exaшples of wшk iп far апd vai·ious cotшtries, апd aclvise tЪеш instaпtly to exaшine tЬem, it is frequently possiЫe to call atteпtioп to well-pгo-