Искусства и ремесла Средневековья

CHAPTER IX

CARVING IN ,vooD AND IVORY

IF the Germans ,vеге somc,vhat, less oгiginal than the French, Englisl1, and Italiaпs in tl1eiг stone caгving, tl1ey made нр fог this deficiency Ьу а very remarkaЫe skill in ,vood carving. Being later, in peгiod, this art ,vas usually cl1aracterized Ьу more naturalism than that of sculpture in stone. In Germany the art of scнlpture in wood is said to ha,·e been in full favoш as еагlу as the thirtee11tl1 centшy. There are t,vo excellent \YOO(ien monшneпts, one at Laacl1 erected to Count Palatine Нешу III., \Yhb clied in 1095, and anothe1· to Couпt Henry III. of Sayne, in 1246. The carving sho,vs signs of the tгansition to Gothic forms. Large ,vooden crнcifixes ,vere caгved in Germany iп the e1eventh and twelfth centнries. Byzaп­ tine feeliпg is нsual in these figures, which are frequently 1arger than life. Mediюva] ,vood carving developed chiefly along tl1e ]ine of altar pieces and of grotesque adoгnments of choir stalls. Aшong the most interesting of these are tЬе " miserere " seats, of which we sliall speak at тоге length. The genera] methods of wood carving resemЫe some• 262