Искусства и ремесла Средневековья

Sculptш·e in Stone

231

l1ead is а royal c1·ovvn iпstead of tlюrпs. The figuгe, too, is el'ect, as if to iпvite lюшаgе Ьу its outst1·etched arrns, iпstead of suggestiпg tlшt tlю аппs liad to bear the vYeigЬt of the body. Iпdeed, it is а Cl1rist tгiumphaпt and гegnant though crucified а Yery unusual tгeat­ шent of the subject in tlie Middle Ages. It ,vas bгought fгom the East, in all pгoЬability, Ьу а гetuшiпg \Yaпior from the Cгusades. The foundation of Chartгes was very early: tЬе first Bishop St. Aventin occupied his see as еагlу as 200 л. D. The early Gothic type in figure sculpture is al,vays cha1·acteгized Ьу а few features iп cornmoп, though diffeгeвt districts produced varying foгms and facial expгessions. The figuгes ai·e always nапо"·, and mнсЬ elongated, fгom а moпшnental sentiшeвt ,vhicl1 goveшecl tЬе desigп of the peгiod. ТЬе influeпce of tl10 Caгyaticl шау ЬаУе гeшained in tl1e consciousвess of lateг aгtists, leadiпg theш to шаkе theiг figuгes сопfоrш so far· as expedient to the pгopoгtions of tl1e colшnns whi9h stoocl beЫnd tЬem апd sпppшted theш. Iп any case, it "'as conside1·ed an iпdispensaЫe co11dition that these pro­ portions should Ье rnaintained, and has соше to Ьс 1·egarded as an a1·chitectшal necessity. As soon as sculptoгs began to coпside1· their figuгes as realistic гep1·esentatioпs of lшrnan beings instead of ornarnental шotives in tЬеiг bпildiпgs, tЬе агt declined, and poor гesults follo,ved. The west рогсh of Chaгtres dates from tЬе twelftl1 century. The chшch ,vas iпjшed Ьу fiгe in 1194. Iп