Архитектура древней Армении

I

l.USliU\fm, UUt} q.~sn~n""tb"~ U~U'HJurll __ "~~~_1R'? e: .... '!!!!DaD?"'D 'aB:&IP "US\fp~P.9·U" l'''US~Sn~s

b.lf. S nIt U·PU II '"'

L.r\, L-U8UUSU~~ ~urs ur l l ' bS n"~s n i'te

. "to' l, :- f'" i I u ss . AKAllEM"R HAYK APM5IHCKOA CCP C::=D~C==:::::"'D DCc::IC=='Cc::I==C'===Cc:::;:)C=G=Cc::::;, .Jl J / /~ U '

It1HCTL1TYT lttCTOPJ1l-1 INSTI7-0T IS1t:'>f\lt N· / . °ro K k:)./ I J ) H.M.TOKAPCKHl1

A R I J H ( 7- E f/ r ..J (' A APXI!1TEKTYPA ~Ll.PEBHEVI APMEHl!111 o r~ /. Vi IV I.~ J . f ~ 1::' // •

~AATEAbCTBO AKAAEMHH H~K APM.RC.O. CCP

I •••

SPEIIAII E ·r:\/f\ r~

fle'famaemCR no pacnopR:»ceHUIO npe3uiJuy.MtI AKaiJe.MUU HayK APMRflCKOii CCP. flpe3uiJeHm aKaaeMuK H. A.. OPEEJlH .

( ,',

(

~

(

(

(

(

I

(

(

l l

(

.'({

(

" ( ( « I

(

"

.

(

~ ,

OfJlABJlEHHE

VU

BBe)1eHHe

ApxHTeKTypa C .n:peBHeHillHX BpelleH.nO YTBepJK.n:eHHH XpHCTHaHCTBa B IV B. • HapO.ll.HOe )KHJIHIII.e • .upeBHeHIIIHe ropOJla Ap MeBHH. 513bIQecKHH xpaM B rapHH. ApxHTeKTypa V-Vll BB. 3aMKH. 'uBHH• .nBOp~bI B J1.BHHe H Baraprnanue. XPHCTH3HcKHe xpaMbI. XapaKTepHble qepThl na MSlTHHKOB apXHTeKTypbI V-VII BB. ApxHTeKTypa IX-Xl BB. ABH npH oarpaTHJlax: fOpO)lCKHe CTeHbJ, ~epK BH, .ll.BOpe~ B BbIlllrOpO.ll.e, 6JIaroycTpoHCTBO ro pOAa.-KuH)KeCKHe 110MeCTbSl, MOHaCTbIpH, ce JIeBHSI.-XapaKTepBble qepThl naMHTBHKOB apXH TeKTypbl IX-XI BB.-AxTaMap. TaHKcKaH apxHTeKTypHaH illKOJIa X B. rpalKJlaUCKaSl apXHTeKTYP,a: AUHHCKHe .ll.BOpa.bl, )KHJlbIe .ll.OMa, rOCTHHH~bl; nO.ll.3eMHbIe KBapTaJIbl.- KapaBaHcapaH. MOHacTbIpcKHe 3.ll.aHHSI: npHTBO pbI, Tpane3HbIe, KHHro:Xp3HHJIHm;a. UepKOBuaH apxHTeKTypa: AUHHCKHe ~epKBH.-MouaCTbIpCKHe H CeJIbCKHe ~epKBH. lI.BYX9TalKHbIe ~epKBH B HopaBaHKe H ErBapTe, BOHCKOBaH ~epKOBb B AJlaH3e. KOJIOKOJIbHH.-MoCTbI. CTpOHTeJIbHble npHeMhI ApeBHHX 3aKJIIOtJeHHe KapTbI OCHOBHaSl JIHTepaTypa • YKa3aTeJIb CIIHCOK HJIJIIOCTpaqHH • ,. Ta6JIHqIX ApxHTeKTypa XlI-XlV BB. '

1

24

134

200 215

MaCTepOB 325 352 354 357 368 377

/

HHTepec K npOWJ\OMY Hameii POAMHbI OIJeHb BeJ\HK. naM"THHKH MaTepHaJ\bHOH KYAbTYPbl .. B IJaCTHOCTH apXHTeKTypbI 3aHHMalOT nOIJeTHOe Me~TO cpeAH HCTOpHIJeCKHX MaTepHaJ\OB, KOTopble AOJ\ZHbI CTaTb AOCTOHHHeM KaZAoro naTpHOTa, AI06HI!!ero POAHYIO CTapHHY, B KOTOpoii OH Mo.&eT He TOJ\b KO HaHTH OTBeTbI Ha HHTepeCYlOl!!He era HCTO pHIJeCKHe BonpOCbI, HO H nOIJepnHYTb 1IIHOrO nOAe3-: Horo AA" cerOAHHWHero AHH, AAH cBoeii C03HAaTeAb Hoil pa60TbI; naMHTHHKH aTH 3aHHMalOT no npaBY no IJeTHOe MeCTO, H60 OHH He 6e3MOJ\BHbIe CBHAeTeJ\l4, a· npaBAHBble ~eTOnHC!!bI, 6ecnpHCTpaCTHO nOBeCTBYIO I!!He 0 Af'AaX AaBHO MHHYBWHX AHeH. APMHHCKHH HapOA npoweJ\ 60AbWOH If CAaBHllIH ,"CTOpHl.IeCKHH nYTb. HeCMOTpH Ha THiKeAble Hcnbl TaHHH, He pa3 ~blnaAaBWHe Ha era AOJ\IO, HeCMOTp.a Ha HaBHcaBWYlO BpeMeHaMH yrp03Y qm.3HIJeCKOro YHH IJTOiKeHHH, OH AOHec AO Hac CBOIO MHorOBeKOBYIO KYJ\b TYPY, HaweAWYIO OTpaiKeHHe H B MHOrOl.lHCAeHHbIX naMHTHHKax apXHTeKTypbI, KOTopbIe M01£HO BCTpeTHTb cpeAH AOMOB H B caAax · ceAeHHH, Ha H3YMPYAHblX nOAHHax, .3aTepHHHbIX cpeAH AeCOB, B yrplOMblx Yl!!eJ\b"X ropHblX pe£<:. KOAHIJeCTBO HX HCIJHCAHeTCH MHOI'HMH COTHHMH. ~AHH CTOHT n0l!!aiKeHHble BpeMeHeM, APyrHe npeA CTaBMllOT iKHBonHCHbIe pa3BaAHHbI; MHorHe CKpblTbI vu

/'

nOA 3eMAeH HAH rpYAaMH 06AOMKOB. TOAbKO B nYCTblH HOR HblHe cToAHye BarpaTYHHeB~AHH Ha npOTJI&eHHH pJlAa AeT BeA CHCTeMaTHqeCKHe paCKO~KH H apxeOAO rHqeCKHe pa3b1CKaHHJI H. 51. M a p p. "HMJI ero,~nH caAfI B 1915 r. B. B. BapToAbA H 51. H. CMHPHOB,- CBJl3aAOCb C (pa3BaAHHaMH AHH) BeqHOIO H Hepa3pbIB HOIO yenblO, CKOBaHHOH H3 - nJlTHaAyaTHKpaTHOi'o npe 6b1BaHHJI TaM, H3 qeTblpllaAyaTH KaMnaHHH paCKonOK, H3 pJlAa HayqHblx AOKAaAOB H AeKYMH, nOCBJlIMeHHbIX AMH, , H3 yeAoH cepMH neqaTHbIX TpYAOB, H3 Henpe pblBHblX apxeOAOrHqeCKH~"' H HCTOPHqecKHX pa3bICKa HMH, H3 OCHOBaHHJI Ha caMOM ropOAHIMe ABYX MY3eeB, H3 YCTaHOBAeHUJI AeHCTBHTeAbHOH oxpaHbI pa3BaAHH, H3 npeAoxpaHeHHH MHorHX naMJlTHHKOB OT rp03HBIIIe ro HM pa3pYIIIeHHH••• ,,* 11 Bce ~e, KorAa "ApnaqaHCKaH CTPYJI" onHTb nepec'raHeT 6bITb nopy6e~HoH H HC cAeAoBaTeAb CMO.2KeT npOHTH no ropOAHIMY, OH YBH AHT, CKOAbKO pa60TbI OCTaAOCb Ha AOAIO 6YAYIMHX npOAOA~aTeAeH AHHHcKoro apxeOJ\orHqeCKOrO AeAa. PaCKonKH, npOH3BOAHBIIII!eCJI B APyrHx MeCTaX-B r~p HH, ABI

•

J\.KqHbIX YCAOBIUIX pa60TaAa H pa3BHBaAaCb TBOpqe t1ClCaJl MblCAb apMJlHCKHK 30AqOX H qeM 06MeHJlAOCb OHO co CBOHMH 3~py6e.2KHbIMH C06paTbJlMH no npo- ·$eCCHH B CAO.2KHOM npoyecce C03AaHHB MHoroo6pa3- 'HbIX apXHTeKTypHblX

nTfHH. A.TOp ycraaaBJlHBaer, QTO no CeJleHHe HMeJlO IlepKOB~ yze B VI B. SI nOJlaralO, qTO pe'lb MOlKeT H,nTH He 0 cToHlUeHl HblHe B pa3BaJlHHaX UePKBH, a <> .llpyroH, nocTpoeHRoA .llO Bee' H .no Hac Be ,nowe.nweH. CYlUeCTBYlOlUaSl uepKOBb HaCTOJlbKO> TeCHO CBSl3ilHa no BHeUIeMY peweHHIO 06'beMOB H opHaMeHTaUHK C naMSlTHHKdMIf TpH.llUaTblX-COPOKOBblX rO.llOB VII B., 'ITO ne peHeceHBe ee ,IlaTbI B vr B. npe.nCTaBJllIeTCSI 3aTpYJ\HHTeJIbHblM- (;'lnLphp I.. nLl#nLlI£_lIpp"'PI"L"'~hp t;1U1 IUp4.hullfP I.. Jz.Ullt.nLJpf. IIfUl_J"LPJIU~, "lpwft. ,. 1,InL-8,,1'ft.. 11144). Ha IObHJleHHOH ceeCHH EpeBaHcKoro focy.ll. YHHBepcH TeTa SI. A. MaHaH.llBH C0061I1HJI 0 pe3YJlbTaTax HCCJlellOBaHHst HellaBHO 06HapYlKeHHoH B rapHH rpe'leCKOH Ha.llnHCH, KOTopaH~ no ero liHeHHJO, ~OBOPHT 0 B0306HOBJIeHHH (a He 0 nOCTpoeHHH) uapeM THpH.llUOY .llJISI cBoeH ceCTpbl HaXOllSIlUerocSI 3;!,eCb, Sl3b1'1eCKOrO xpaMa H OTHOCHTCSI KO BpeMeHH THpH.llaTa BenH Koro nOCJle npHHSITJlR HM xpHCTHaHCTBa, T. e. KO BpeMenH, KOr.lla. no CBelleHHHM JlpeBHHX HCTOPHKOB, MHorHe H3bl"leCKHe KynbToBble 3113HHH 6l>1J1H paapyweBbI B npouecce 3HeprHQHOrO' HaCalK.lleBHSI xpHCTHaHCTBa. CaMblH xpaM B fapHH SI. A. Ma HaH,!lSlH C'IHTaeT 3JIJIHHHCTHtJeCKoii nOCTpOHKOH III-II BB. ,no xp. 3pbl. llJIH 9Toro nepHo,na, no era MHeHHIO, xapaKTepHa CTpO HTeJIbHaH TeXHHK8, YHaCJle,nOBaHHaSl apMHHaMH OT ypapToB JI. aaKJIIO'IalOlUaSlCH B KJla,!lKe Ha Kpymlblx KaMHefi, CKpenJIeHHblX. lKeJle3HbIMH cK06aUH. aaJlHTblMH CBHHUOM. Ha CaMOrd .neJ.e ,!lJln YCTaHoBJleHHH npeeMcTBeHHocTH texHHqeCKHX npHeMoB He,!lO CTaTOQUO onHoro 4>aKTa npHMeHeHHSl KpynHblx 6J10KOB H lKeJJea HblX cKpeIl. BalKHo I{pOMe Toro elUe, B KaKHX tJaCTHX coopy- ]KeRHSI H ICaK OHH npHMeHQ.1HCb. TalC B creHa't MeTaJIJIHqeCKHe nJIaCTHHbI, CKpenJIJlBWHe pH,!lbI K8MHeH, ypapThl CTaBHJIH 6ea. 3aJIHBKH CBHHUOM. B KOJIOHHaX ypapTcKHx nOCTpoeK KalIOlbIH KaMeHb ,!lJISI COe]lHHeHHSI C rOCe]lHHMH HMeJl HaBepxy yrJly6 JIeHHe, a BHH3Y BblcTyn, 6JIarO]lapH tJeMY cTpOHTe.lIH 06XO,!lH- .lIHCL BOBce 6e3 MeTaJIJIHtJeCKHX cKpen. B rapHH ~e KaMHH KO JlOHH coe.n.HHeHbI He no ypapTCKOMY, a no rpeqeCKOMY enoco 6y (aaHMCTBOBaHHOMY OT rpeKOB H pHMlIflHaMH) npH nOMOIUH MeTaJIJIHQeCKHX WTbIpeIi, aaJJHTbIX CBHHllOM, KaK H CKpenbl B· CTeHax. XapaKTepuo, tIro B 6a3ax H Kan'HTeJIHX rapHuIicKOrO xpaMa 3TH WTblpH pacnO.•10lKeHbI COBepweHHO TaK ~e, naI(,. x

noica38Bo Ha cxeMe 6eHY3, COCT3BJleBHOA Ails rpeqet'KHX no-- CTpoeK ~H. H. BpYHOB• .OqepKH no HCTOPHH 3pXHTeKTypLl. T. 1I . MocKB8-JIeHI.fHrp·8.ll, 1935, CTp. 56, 57). nOJI.06HOe CXOJI.CTBQ· BnOJlHe eCTecTBeHHo . JI.JIJI 3If.3HHSI, B03BeJI.~HHOrO BIB. xp. 3pbl MeCTHblMH 30,!(qHMH 3JIJIHRHnHQeCKOH IllKonbl npH yqaCTHH PHMCKHX MaCTepOB. KOf.ll3 6YJI.YT OTKpbtTbI naMSlTRHKH, JI.eif;. CTBHTeJlb1l0 OTHOCSlIIlHecSI K paHHeMY nepHOJI.Y 9J1JIHHH3Ma ' B ~ ApMeHHH', B HHI: MbI, HecoMHeHHo, BCTpeTHMCSI onRTb C ,TaKHMH JKe rpeQeCKHMH, a He ypapTcKHMH, CTpOHTeJlbHblMH npHeMaIlH.• .!laJlee, JI.JISI y6e.llHTeJIhHOCTH aaTHpOBKH xpaM3 8 rap'HH III-lI 8B~ . 110 xp. 3pbl HallO JlOKaaaTh HepHMCKoe npOHCXOJKJI.eHHe cYllle CTBeHHblI: apXHTeKTypHblX era oc06eHHOCTcH. rJlaBHeHIllHe H3 BHX CJle.llY10IIlHe: l-Xpaw CTOHT He Ha cTyneHQaTOM CTHJl06aTe p 06bltlHOM .llJlSl nepHnTepa, a Ha BblCOKOM nOllHYMe, 60Ka KOTO-' poro 06pa60raHbl 8 BH.llC nbe.lleCTaJla C 6aSOH H KapHH80M, BbI.llalOllI.erOCSI no CTopOHaM JleCTRHUbl Ba BXOJI.HOM~cpaCaJI.e, K~K STO C.llellaHO 8 60JlhUIHHCTBe PHMCKHX xpaMOB. 2-ARTbI, 8b1 cTynalOllI.He HS CTeH ueJlJlbl, HMelOTCSI TOJlhKO B rJlaBHOM nopTH Ke, 6Jl~01lapH qeMY ueJIJIa cllBHHyra B rJIy6HHY, QTO C6JJHJKaer xpaM B fapHH C MaJIblMH PHMCKHMH (H 91PyCCKHMH) xpaMaMH, rlle ORa saHHMaeT BCIO TblJJOBYIO qaCTb nOJI.HYMa 33 nopTHKOW. (K. K. POMaHOB rO.bOpHT B UHTHpyeMoH JI.aJIee CTaTbe, qTO xpaM.· Fortunae vlrilis B PHMe He HMeJI Bo061I1e OTKpblTblX nopTHKOB. ABTOP, BepOHTHO, nOJIbSOBaJICH MaTepHanaMH, OTHOCSlIIlHMHCSI K ~ TOMY nepHOJlY, KOrJI.a npOCTpaHCTBO MeJKlI.Y KOJIOHHaMH nop-· TIotKa 6blJIO 3anOJIOeoo nOSJI.HHMH KJlaD,KaMH. CeHlJaC OUH paso 6paHbl; HeT HX H Ha 06Mepax naJIJla.llHO). 3-0TCYTCTBHe KaH He.1lOp Ha KOJIOHHax. ECJIH 3TO He pe3YJIhT8T Toro, qTO 06pa 60TKa KOJIORH, npOHSBO.llHBIllaSJCSI nOCJIe YCTaHOBKH HX Ha MeCTO. He 6blna OKOHIleHa, TO npHJleTCSI YCMOTpeTb 3JI.eCh BJIiuJHHe·· PHMCKIU CPOpM, flle HOHnqeCKHe KOJIOHHbI HepeJlKO OCTaOJIHJlHtyb. rJIaJlKHMH. 4-opMa cppHsa, C6JIH}KalOllI.aR xpaM C naMSlTHHKa MH TaK HaSblBaCMoro pHMCKoro 6apOKKO, nJIBCTHQHblH xapaKTep.: ero aKaHTOBoro opRaMeHTa (BeCbMA CXOJI.HOrO C opHaMeHTOII Ha cppHse xpaMa Maison carree B JI.dJI~KOH raJIJIHH) H nponopUHH Kpyroro $poHToHa, CBH.lleTeJIbCTBYlOllI.He 0 pHMcKoli, a He rpe qeCKOH CHCTeMe ero nOCTpoeHHH. TaKHM 06pa30M ~JIH npHHHTHH BHOBb npeJI.JIO~eHHOH ~aTY rapHHHCKoro xpaMa nOKa em;e seT OCHOBaHHH. XI'.

~pMeHHR

paCnOAO&eHa K IDry OT rAaBHOrO -KaBK33CKOrO Xpe6Ta B 1'0paX, TRHYI!!HXCR C BOCTOKa • 'lepe3 MaAYID A3HID B EBpony. nepeA nYTeWeCTBeH- ';HHKOM~ BCTynHBwHM Ha apMRHcKyID 3eMAID, npeACTaeT ~,BeAHqeCTBeHHaR KapTHHa ropHblX MaCCHBOB, YBeHqaH- -HblX 6eAOCHe.2KHbIMH 3y6bRMH Aparaga H MoryqeH :··rAaBoff: ApapaTa--ApeBHero MaCHCaj B rAy60KHX ,Yl!!eAbSlX, neHRCb H WYMR, HrpaIDT ropHble peKH, BO- · Ab! KOTOPblX YMeAaR pYKa TPYAOAID6HBoro HapoAa C _ApeBHHx BpeMeH HanpaBAReT B opOCHTeAbHble CHCTe- ",bI, nHTaIDI!!He nAOAopOAHble 3eMAH. Ha 3aAHTblX cOAHgeM paBHHHax, nAaTO, Tep pacax, orpa2KAeHHblX nOAnopHblMH CTeHKaMH, 30AOTO -,HHB 4epeAyeTcR C COqHOH 3eAeHbID BHHorpaAHHKOB H MaHRIgHX K ce6e B 3HOHHblH AeHb TeHHciblX caAOB. o BblCOKO B ropax r.pHpOAa IgeApo paCKHHYAa KOBPbl · nacT6HIg, no KOTOPblM AeTOM BOAbHO KOqyeT co CBOH- .MH CTaAaMH CKOTOBOA. HeApa CTpaHbl 60raTbl HCKonaeMbIMH; cpeAH HHX · Ha nepBOM MeCTe ' CTORT H3AaBHa pa3pa6aTblBaeMbIe MeAHble PYAbI. TblCRlJeAeTHRMH HClJHCAReTCR. B03paCT MHorHX 3aMelJaTeAbHblX H3AeAHH H3 6POH3bI, H3ro- · TOBAeHHblX HCKYCHbIMH MeCTHbIMH MaCTepaMH, yKpa- _maIDI!!HX HbIHe c06paHHR MHPOBblX MY3eeB. CTOAb .:.me nOlJeTHOe MeCTO B STHX c06paHHHx 3aHHMaeT H - yTBapb H3 MeCTHblX r AHH-6YAb TO Kapac, B KOTOPblH MO.2KHO, KaK B BOCTOlJHOH CKa3Ke 06 AAH-Ba6e, cnpR- · TaTb HeCKOAbKO qeAOBeK, HAH TOHlJaHWHH q>aRHc, no KpbITblH xYA02KeCTBeHHoH pocnHcbID. , Oc06eHHoH 6AarocKAoHHOCTbID npHpoAbI MoryT nOXBaCTaTbCH apMHHcKHe 30AqHe. OHa npeAOCTaBHAa -HM 60raTeHWHH BbI60p CTpOHTeAbHoro KaMHH OT

~ :X:11

TBepAQrQ 6a3aAbTa If rpaHHTa AO Aytte3apHQrQ TyqJa~ , nQAAalOl!!erQCR BHattaAe Q6pa6QTKe npQCTbIM HQaeJ4'l.1 H TBepAelOl!!ero. C TetteHlfeM BpeMeHIf, AQ nAeHHlOl!!e rQ CBo.lfMIf MRrKIfMIf pacgBeTKaMIf MpaMOpa; QHa AaAa.. IfM npeBQCXQAHbIe BH2KYl!!lfe Bel!!eCTBa. VI 3QAtlHe:- MaCTepCKIf HCnQAb3QBaAIf aTIf Aapbl. OHIf YKpaCIfAK,i CBQIO CTpaRY MHQrHMIf npeKpaCHblMIf no.CTPQHKaMH, rapMo.HlftthQ Co.tteTaR IfX 6Aaro.PQAHble qJo.PMbI c.'· CaMQH npIfP<:»Ao.H. EbIAo. 6bl QWlf6Ko.H QTQZAeCTBARTb ApeBHeHWYJO-" ~pX~TeKTYpy ApMeHlf1f C apXIfTeKTYPQH ypapTQB, Co.- 3AaBWlfX 3aAo.Aro. Ao. ~pIfCTHaHCKo.H apbl nepBo.e rQ-' CYAapCTBQ B 3aKaBKa3be. HQ BnQAHe Bo.3MQZHo., tlTQ> apMRHcKHH HapQA, B Co.CTaB Ko.TQPo.ro. HapRAY C o.C HQBHbIM RAPQM-apMeHaMIf BQmAIf If ypapTbl, IfCnQAb 3QBaA. B KaKo.H-TQ Mepe B CBQeM CTPo.IfTeJ\bCTBe QnbIT MaCTepo.B ApeBHero. rQCYAapCTBa, TepplfTQP1f1O Ko.To.Po.ro. o.H 3aHHJ\. HyaHo., o.AHaKQ, o.TMeTHTb pe3KQe QTAlfttHe nQCTPQeK, Bo.3BeAeHHbIX 3HattlfTeJ\bHo. no.3A- - Hee apMRHCKHMH 3QAttHMH, QT cQo.PY2KeHHH ypapTo.B, CTPo.IfTeJ\bHaR TeXHHKa KQTQPbIX 6o.J\ee 6J\1f3Ka K Tex- ·HHKe HapQAQB MeCQnQTaMIfH, B ttaCTHQCTIf accHpHH yeB. PaCKQnKIf Ha KapMHp-6Aype (KpaCHo.M XQJ\Me) J Hlfae EpeBaHa no. peKe 3aHre, npQH3BeAeHHble B· 1939-41 rr. H B 1945 r. t Q6HapY2KHJ\H ABo.peg, npH HaAJ\e2KaBWHH B VII - VI BB. AQ XpHCT. apbI ypapT CKQMY HaMeCTHHKY. * 3AeCb HeT ttHCTo.H TeCKH KaMHeH ; B CTeHax; OHIf CJ\QZeHbI B HIf2KHeii ttaCTIf H3 6o.Ab- .* B nepBbIe rOJlhl paCKonKH BeJlH APMSIBCKHH 4>HJlHaJI J AKa,n,eMHH HaYK CCCP H rOCYJlapCTBeHHbIH 3pMHTalK, aB, 1945 r.-AKaJleMHB HaYK ApM. CCP COBMeCTHO C 3pMH.TalKeM. - Xlii .,

Kapyup-6JJYp. PeKOBCTPYKl.{HR H. TOKapCKOrO. ,

~HX rJ\hl6 HenpaBHAbHoD

;XIV

lIIaCTHA, KOTOPblli cBepxy 6b1A nORpblT CAoeM sellAR. ,HaCKOAbKO 6b1Aa pacnpO~TpaBeHa y ypapToB 6~AOq.aJl oCHCTeMa nOTOAKOB, MOZHO CYAHTb no TOMY, qTO B OA- :SOM H3 nOMel!!eHldt, BblCeqeHHblX B CKaAax B BaBe, DOTOAOK yze qHCTO AeKopaTHBHo HMHTHpyeTAepeBBa- '.Hoe nOKpblTHe. B03BeAeHHe CTeH' H3 Heo6TecaHRoro KaMHR H KHpnHqa HeAb3R 06'bRCHHTb HeYMeaHeM ypapT oCICHX lrfaCTepOB 06pa6aTblBaTb KaMeHb;' B HeCKOAbKHX KOJlHaTaX KapMHp-6AypcKoro ABopya 06HapyaeHbI "!HCTO OTecaHHble KaMeHHble 6AOKH, KOTopble Bepo~Ho .npoHcxoART H3 BepxHHx qacTeli 3AaHHR, I' Ae H3 HHX iIIor 6blTb CAozeH flORC, OTAeARBwHH cTeHY OT .3y6yOB. CTeHbI xpaMa. Ha TonpaX-KaAe (BaR); KaK ;nOKa3aAH pacKonKH, TaKze 6blAH CAozeHbI H3 Kpyn- .HbIX xopowo OTecaHHblX KaMHeH. K COZaAeHHIO 0 :BHeWHeM BHAe ypapTcKHx xpaMoB nOKa npHxoAHTCB ,CYAHTb TOAbKO no H306pazeHHIO xpaMa B MycacHpe . Ha aCCHpHHCKHX peAbeq>ax M3 Ayp-lllappYKHHa, ABopya CaproHa (VIII B. AO xp. s.). 3AaHHe STO, BepOBTHO npRMoyroAbHoe B nAaHe, B03ABHrHYTO Ha BblCOKOH nAaTq>opMe; q>acaA 06pa60TaH B BHAe nop- 'THKa Ha weCTH KOAOHHax HAH CTOA6ax npJlMoyroAb Horo CeqeHHR 6e3 KanHTeAeH H 6a3 H 3aBepwaeTCB lPOHTOHOM. nOAaralOT, qTO OHO 6blAO CO- -opyzeHo H3 KaMHR, HO H~KOTOPble AeTaAH, H306pa- .zeHHble Ha peAbeq>e, HaTaAKHBaIOT'Ha MblCAb, qTO 3AeCb 'MOl' 6blTb npHMeHeH If KHpnHq. AeAO B TOM, qTO Ha oCTeHax H CTOA6ax nopTHKa nOKa3aHbI BblcTynalOl!!lfe ropH30HTaAbHbIe nOJlca, pacnOAozeHHble Ha paBHblX paCCTOJlHHJlX Apyr OT Apyra. BecbJla B03)(OZHO, QTO aTO He npOCTO AeKopaTHBHblit MOTHB, a KOHCTPYKTHB- .Hblli npHeM KAaAKH KHpnHqHblX CTeH H CTOA60B, B

' XV

KOTOp~X nOCAe HeCKOAbKHX PHAOB KMpnMqeH npOKAa A~BaACH OAHH pHA TeCaHbIX KaMeHHbIX nAHT.OTAeA Ka ' THMnaHa q>pOHTOHa TaKJKe 60AbWe nOXoz.a Ha. .WTyKaTypHylO C HacellKOH B BMAe ceTKM H3 nepe CeRaIOI,gMXCH npHMOAHHeHHbIX 60p03AOK. CBOH nOCTpOHKH ypapTbI YKpawaAM nO~PbITOif, M306paJKeHHHMH MpaMopHOH 06AHgOBKOH, OCTaTKH KOTOPOH 6blAM HaHAeHbI .H', A. 0 p 6 e A M npH paCKonKax Ha T onpaX-KaAe B 1911 ~ 12 r r • (CM .. B. B. COapMaKOBCKHH. MaTepHaAbI no apxeOAorMH POCCHH, 34) M MHKpYCTagMeH, KOTopaH BblllOAHHAaCb He TOAbKO M3 KaMHH, HO M M3 MeTaAAa H cqcTaBAHAa. nOBMAHMOMY geAble qmrYPbI, a MHorAa H cgeH~; BCTpe lIalOTCH TaKJKe MHKPYCTMpOBaHHble nOAb!. 113A106AeH H~M YKpaweHMeM CTeH CAYJKMAH 60AbWMe 6POH30Bble I,gMTbl; OHM M3BeCTHbI He TOAbKO no H306paz.eHHIO MycacHpcKoro xpaMa M aCCMpMHCKMM TeKCTaM.-06 AOMKH weCTM AeKopaTMBHblX I!!MTOB 6bIMi HaHAeH~ B xpaMe 60ra XaAAa Ha TonpaX-KaAe, -a ABa, H3 KO TOpbJX OAHH TOAbKO C He·60AbWMM M3bHHOM, 6bIAH 06HapyJKeH~ npM paCKonKax Ha KapMMp-6Aype. Pe3b6a no KaMHIO, HBAHIOI,gaHCH OCHOBHbIM npM eMOM y6paHcTBa apMHHCKMX nOCTpoeK, B apxMTeKType ypapToB HrpaAa ue3HallHTeAbHYlO pOAb. 113 CKa3aHHoro HBcTByeT, HaCKOAbKO AaAeKM APyr OT Apyra apXHTeKTypHble naMHTHMKM ypapToB M apMHH HO 061!!eMY peweHMJO, TeXHMKe. M OTAeAKe If C l

ApxHTeKTypa C JlpeBHeAwHX BpeM·eH ,,0 YTlep*Ae-HHR X~HCTHaHCT.a • IV is. HapO.l.HOe * •. l .. ~e

npeBHeHlIIAe nOCTpOHIHI ApMeHHa

CKpblTbl

e~e nolI. MOIUHblM 3eMJUlHblM nOl 0 H T, npOrneJl,llIMM B 401 ro.1I.Y )(0 , xp. 3. l.lepe3 3anaJl,HYIO ApMeHrHO K 6epery 4epuo ro MOpH C ,,)1.eCHTbID TblCSJIJaMH" rpeloHTa cpeAM H3CeJleHHH 6blJI pacnpOCTpaHeH TOT THn )J{HJlHIU3, I

1

nO.l106Hble .llOMa~ paCnOJlO}KeHHbIe TeppaCaMH nO>J{OCQI.',Opy, ,t, 3eM~'j1HbIMfi~p'()B)~n.M~, .i,y<::~HliHhlMH XO.~MHk~l~iM;-," n,3' '~01'Op'~X '.:nOY

1. : BHYTpeHH~i:i BII;!. CeJlbCKorO .D.OMJ: CTO.:1b n

B rpo.6HHUaX AXeMeHH)J.o.B, BblCe4eH'HblX B KaMeH HbIX M3CCHBaX 9Ko.JIo. .lI.By~ C, no.JIo.BHHDH ThlCHtI JleT Ha3an. .uD HaWI1X )J,Heti )J,o.wJIa He To.JIbKo. o.6maH cxeMa' TIo.)J,o.6Hh1X no.CTPo.eK. B ,ll.eTaJIHX DT,ll.eJIKH <}:>aCa,ll.o.B T3K~e npo..5IBJI.5IeTCH Ta' np~eMCTBeHHo.CTh, Ko.~o.Po.H Ha npo.T.5I~eHI1H MHo.rMX BeKo.B o.TMetIeHa TBDplJeCK3.5I ,ll.eHTe.TIbHo.CTh nDKOJIeHI1H MaCTepo.B. B raJIepeHX, HanpHMep, 6hIJla H3M6oJIee y,ll.o.6Ha npD,ll.o.JIro.B3TaH

)l;peBReiilllHe rOpG,.I;a .lp.eHR"

• .IJ.ecHTb TblC5Jl.J" rpeKOB npH CBoeM OTC'fYH JIeHHH Qepe3 ApMeHHlO He BCTpeTHJIH HH o,nHoro HaCTOHm-ero ropO.l1.a. KceHo$OHT ynoMHHaeT JIHml> .nepeBHH, 3GtMKH H YKpenJIeHHHe ceJ{eHH51. llaiKe pe3H.l1.eHIl,HH ca Tpana HaXO.l1.HJIaCb B O~HOH: H3 )J.e peBeHb B OC060M 3aMKe· 3TH CBe)leHHH, He no.ll.- KpenJleHHble HerrOCpeJT.CTBeHHbI M H3YQeHHeM caMHX naM51THHKOB, He n03BOJIHlOT BblCKa3aTb CY)KlI.eHHe 0 3aMKOBofl apxHTeKType Toro BpeMeHH, H 03H3KOM JIeHHe C HeH: npH.ll.eTCH HatIaTl~ B AaJIbHeHIIIeM C' rrOCTpoeK, B03Be.l1.eHHbIX Ha MHoro BeKOB n03J1.Heer nOCJIe 3aBoeBaHHH nepCHH AJIeKCaH)l,pOM Ma Ke.llOHCy.HM H lJ nOCJle,lI,YIOlll.ee CeJleBKHJlCKOe BpeMR,. B':CBH3H C 06lll,HM X0351H:CTBeHHbIM H KyJIbTYPHbI~.J; nporpeCCOM, a TaKiKe yCHJH~HHeM TOprOBOH: ,neHTeJIb HOCT» B CTpaHax nepeJl.Hefl A3HH, HR TeppHToplHf ApMeHHH nOHBJI5IIOTCH nepBble ropo.na, npe)!(,IJ.e Bce ro Ha lOre, B pacnOJIO)KeHHoi16oK-0-60K C OCHOB HblMH 06JIaCT5I MH 9JIJIHHHCTHtIeCKoro' MHpa Co4>eHe. npeRHHe HCTOPHKH Ha3b1BaIOT 3)l,eCb ropOlla Apma MOIII(lT H KapKaTHOKepT, nOJlOmeHHe KOTOPbIX flOKa· TOttHO HP. YCTaHOBJIeHO.' no n JI H H H 10 ApwaMowar HaXOJlHJICn Hello.lJ.,aJleKY OT Ect>paTa, a KapKaTHO KepT-OKOlIO TMrpa. no cBoeMY .o6m'lKY OHH, Be.- POHTHO, , 6bIJI'a ·CXOJl,Hbl C COCeJ.lH~.MH 9JIJJHHHCTHQe CKIlMH ropo.a.3MH H HBJIHJIRCb we TOJlbKO. [JoOtfepe].{Ho CTOJIHU3Mll Cpc.peHhI, HQ " HaH60d1ee 3Ha t HrreJlbPlhIMH ToprOBblMlI ueHTpa.~HI CTpaHbI, TaK Kat{ CTO>1J1U 00

4 .

6J1H30CTH OT TOprOBbIX nYTeH MaJIoH A31Hf H CeBep HOR MeconoTaMHR. Ha JleBOM 6epery AP3KC3 MeJKAY ero 'npHTO RaM" AXypHHOM H KacarOM H3XO,lJ.HJlaCh .l1.peBHeH maSt CTOJlHlla ApMeHHH-ApMaBl-fp, OCHOBaHHaW, no npe.n.aHHlO, coo6maeMoMY MOH C e e M X 0 P eH - .c K H M, ApMaHCOM, BHYKOM XaitK8. CBeJ.{eHH5J, KOTO pbfe npHRO.ll.HT HCTOPHK, He n03BOJlHIOT OnpeAeJlHTb BpeMfl, Kor.rr.a ApMaBHp npHo6peJl 3HatJeHlte rop01l8. Ha OCHOBaHRH O)lHOH H3 UHTHa.ll.uaTH ypapTcKHX JKe BpeMeHH OTHOCHTCSI npQBe.1l.eHHe l

!

B HaQa.7Je SToporo .BeKa;lI.O xp. 9pbI llapb EPBaH.n. nepeHec CBOIO pe3H)l.eHII.RIO H3 ApMaBupa BO BHOBh . O'CHosaHHbui ' HM ropOJl: EpB3H.II.aIIIaT, Tal{ 1{3K C OT- -XO;lI.OM Ap3Kca OT APM3BlipCKoro XOJIMa IKHTeJIH B 3HMHee BpeM5:I CT3JHI HcnblThIsaT'h He.II.OCTaTOK S BO- -,u:e. TorJla IKe 6bIJIU nepeHeceHbI CTa TYH :.60rOB B HOBbIR pe.7JUrH03HbI~ II.eHTp-63~apaH, paCnOJIOIKeH HbIR Ha, npaSOM 6epery AxypHHa~ Bce 3TH', 06CTO- '. HTe.7JbCTS3 'npHBeJIH K YTpaTe - ApM'aBHpO~t era IIpelli Her03Ha 4eHlfH. * ' EpBaHJlaWaT '6bIJI p3CnOJIOiKeHH3 l\'lbICY CJleBa ,OT AxypHHa IIpH Bna)!eHHH ero B ApaKC. 3TOT He l{OrJla "BeJIHI{HH ropo.n.", K(lK era uMeHyeT HCTOPHK KHT HbIHe B pa3Ba.lJ:Htrax 'no.n. CJIOeM 3eMJIH. OnHC3HHe HeKOTopblX c'oopYIKe- -HUR, B03BeJ1,eHHbIX B HeM, iI3XOilHM y MOHceH Xo peHCKoro. "EpB3H.II. 06BOJI.UT XOJIl\I (creH3MH) H: BO iMHO- ·rHX MeCTax npope3hIsaeT CK3JIhI HI-C·Ke TaeHHbIe 3anaJI,- ~HH, BKOTOPblX Mor 6hI 6bITb nOHMaH T3RKOM rrpo- .6HpalOIII.HHCH 'no . HH~1 )lJIH nOKyrneHHH Ha; }KH3H'b * Har.1U npliHSlTa .n.3Ta OCHOBaHHSI EpBaH.llaWaTa, yCT3HOB~ JIeHHaSJ 51. A. MaHaHllHHOM.CM. 0 TOprO':lJIe H ropo.n.ax ApMe HHH 8 CBSl3H C MI1POBOH TOprOBJleii .n.peeHHx BpeMeH. 3pHB3Hb, 1930, CTp. 96 Ii cn'. ' .6

napH.~rOBopsn, tiTO (3Ta :rleCTH'Hn3) 6blJI~ .lI,BOfilraH; O.lI.Ha ,Z(.151 )J,BOpUOBht X ' CJfY)l{HTeJIeH H ' .lI.He'BHblX to 06meHHH 1 llpyra51 (H04HaH), ",iiT06bI' CKPbITbCH , OT (nOI\yweH"H5f) 3JIO;ueeB" (nepeBO,Z( . H.:-, ()• . 3MHH a). , vb 3TOro BeCbi\13 HHTepecHOl:o 'OTPblBK3 BH,::!.HO, loITG ropo.lI, ObW 06HeceH CTeHaMI-f H HMeJI lIa Bep IlIHHe 'XOJIMa U.HTa,Z(eJIb, r.lI,eHaXO.lI,HJICH napcKiIit .rr:Bop-e,~. K ee BopoTaM nO;IT.HHMaJIHCb ; no' .1IeC,T·HlIu.e OIJeHb CJIO)J{Horo YCTpoHcTBa" OJiHc-a-'HHe KOTOPOH HCTOPHK .lI.aeT C lJY){{HX CJIOB~ B 3TO~1 p'accHa3e, :"'~bI { CKIIOHHbI' C4HT3Tb BbIMbIC~'IOM TO, qTO JleCTHHua 6blJIa OTJIHTa H3 ' 4yryH3; Bce OCTaJI&HOe BTIOJ:He npaB.LJ.O I n0)106HO H , MOI'JIO 6bITb JlerKO · Qcyrn.eCTB.lIeHO B K3MHe, K3I{ C'1leJI3HO, .HanpHMep, B AH6ep'z(CROM ,3aM KE', C KOTOPblM lJHT3TeJIlO' npen.<;TOHT- n03H3KQMHTbCH.. AH04H'aH", cl BepHee IlPOCTO ' T·eM-H3H, .1JeCTH Hll,a , ~ep0HTHO, npeJlCT3BJIH.TI3,· OlJeHb KPYTOH nOTaHHoH. XO;l(, ' BbICeqeHHhIH B BH.LJ.e rlly60I{ofi TpaHW€HB CKa- .1Ie; CBerxy OHa MOfJIa 6bITb rrOKpbITa, ' 'KaK,' B AH 6ep.LJ.e, . H3CTHJIO:vl ' H3 ' 60;lI'bJURX ,. K3MeHHhIX n.1HT,. HMeUrnHX ' CPOpi\ly' cTyneHeH, 'KOTopbIe 06P330BbIBaJIH BTOPYIO, OTKPbJTYIO JIeCTHH uy )1)151 "llHenHbIX co06 lll.eHHH". MeiK.ll.Y 3THMlf,' cTyneHH MIl 6blJIO He: < Tpy J(- HO YCTPOHTb "nOT3eHHbIe3anallHH'" ''8 BH)le 06.hIK HOBeHHhIX BOJI4bHX HM; lJepe3, ,KOTopbIe He3BaHbtit rOCTb npOBaJIHBaJICH BHH3 H no ' nor3i1HOMY ' XO;lI.y 6e3 orJIaCKH . )lOCTa BJlH.lICH .' u.apCKOH' . OXp3HO~I Ha .ll.onpOC BO .II,BOpeiI.. O.lI.HOH ·lf3 ,cepbe3HbIX 3aO:OT .. Cl'pOHT(WeH , 3aM-:- KOB H YKpeIIJIeHHblX ·.nOCeJIeHHH', "6bIJIO .• Ha,LteIKHOe cHa6iKeHHe iKliTeJIefi nnT-iJeB'OH Bb.II,~it KaT{ ,B' MHP Hoe Rpe~15I, TaK if ocooeHHO B CJIY4ae oca)I.hI.B

\

\ I

7

EpS3UllamaTe, KaK BH,L{HO M3 ("JlOS XopeHCKoro, HC TO'lHHKOM R01l.0CHa6>KeHHH HBJH1J1CH ApaKC l If TyT CrpOI'lTeJlH, ~aUJJlK ,Jle,Ch.Ma ueJleC006pa3HbJii cfloc06 CKPblTHO BSE'CTH BO}1.bl peKM B IlO)l.:-JeMHble ropOA CKHe u.HCTepHbl. 11.1)51 Toro l.{To6.bl HenpHSlTeJIb He Mor 06HapY>KUTb YCTbH TOHHeJleff, 6b1JIO AOCTa TOl.{HO np06HTb IIX HH>Ke ypOBHH peKH B MeJIKO- ( B01l,be, QTO B-epOMTHQ 11 6b1J1o C1l.enaHO. HY>KHO H3IleHTbCH, qTO B He)J.aJIeKOM 6y llYlueM apXeOJlOrM QeCKl1e MCCJle~OSaHIHI Ha MeCTe OTKPOIOT OCTaTKH 9TMX 1J.peBHMX coopYJKeHHH, B 6b1JIOM cYlUecTBOBa HHM KOTOPblX HeT OCHOBaHHR COMHe83TbCH. C006ll\eHHH )J.pe8H'HX aBTopOB YKa3b1BaIDT, qTO B OKpeCTHOCTHX rOpOJI..OB npaBHTeJIM BO~BOllHJlH 3arOp0)1HH€' )J.BOpU,bl 101 YCTpaHBaJIM cne'UHaJIbHble 3a rOHbI, r)le HaCa>K.ll.a.flH )lepeBhH If pa3BOJllfJIH peJ1 KYIO' .lI.Hqb J.lJlH OXOTbI, nOCJIe KOTOpO~, BepORTHO\l ~yT >Ke If OT1l.blXaJlH If "HPOB3J1H B rpOTax, H3pHa HO YKpaUJeHHbIX 6apeJIbe4>HblMI1 H306pa>KeHHHMH OXOTHHlJbHX cueH. OKOJIO EpBaHJlaWaTa TO)Ke 6b1JIa nOCTpoeHa BMJiJIa Ep8a H.l1aKepT M H3CaJIC)l.eHa 60Jlh maR poma K ceBepy OT peKH, 06HeceHHaH CTeHaMH, KY1l.3 BIlYCTHJIH ,,6b1CTpblX oneHeH, JIaHeH, OHarpOB M Benpeff, KOTopble, pa3MHO*HBnffiCb, HanO~HHAH powy JlJlH U.aPCKolf 3a6aBbl BO BpeMH OXOTbl a (M. XopeHcKMA). ,flocJle IlOpa}KeHIUf, 'HaHeceHHoro PHMJlHH3MH' Ce.lJeBKM)l.aM BO liB". )1.0 xp. 9phl, Co

eT P 3 60 H YK33bIBaeT, 4TO "ropo.LJ. 3TOT pacnoJIo- )KeH B yrJIy6.71eHI1I1, noxo~eM Ha nOJlYOCT~OB, Kpy- 'rOM ero, HCKJ1E04aH rreperneHKa, T5JHeTCSI nepe.LJ.( pe KOJO CTeHa; neperneeK ero 06Be)leH PBOM H H3CblnblO". He paCxO,lJ.I1TC5I co CTpaooHoM ' H M 0 If C e A X 0 pe H C K H H, KOTOPblfi co06m.aeT, 4TO ApralllaT H3XO- .llRJJC5I npl1 Bna,lJ.eHl'UI B ApaKc ero JleBOrO npHToKa MeuaMopa. 06a CBH.LJ.e'fe.TIbCTBa TaIKeCTBaX no <(.1IY4alO npe6blBaHHSi B ApTamaTe nap<:)HHCKoro U.apH OpO}I.a 11 er,o ChlHa naKopa, BCTynlf8111ero B opaK c ceCTpolO apM5IHCKOrO 'uap5I ApTaBa3.lla. 3ro -6blJ10 BO BpeMH BOHHbI napHH H ' ApMeHHH c PH 1\-JO~I. B 53 r. ~O xp. 3pbI npH ~appax pl-fMJIHHe llOTepneJII1 pellIl1TelIbHOe nOpa)KeHHe H nOTepHJJH t ·

CBoero BOeHa4aJIbHHKa Kpacca~ Er9 rO~'IOBy ' H rrpa BYro PYKY .ll.OCTaBHJHf rrapIHHH, KOTopoe 1l0JI}I{HO 6hIJlO HdJIO}l{HTb COOTBeTCTBYIPmHH OTnellaTOK Ha ero apXHTeKTYPY Cl' 11a HHaqe, H He . MOrJlO 6bITb, TaK KaK ApTdrnaT, ~aXO.ll.HCb Ha rpaH3HTHOM ToprOBOM nyTH C BOCTOKa K 4epHOMYMOPlO~ HBJlHJlCH He TOJlbKO nOJIHTHlfE'- CKHM,.HO H nepBO~TerreHHbIM ToprOBbIM U..eHTPOM CTpa HpJ, nO)J.lIep)J{HB(]BIIIHM nOCT05HIHbIe . C8H311 ,C I

10

01' KaCnHAcKoro 46 CpeAH3eMHOrO MOpH. ApTawaT '11 KpyrrHeAllHle -rOpoAa IOf'a ltaXO.ll.HJIHCb Tenepb Ha OKpaHHax 06111HpHoro -rOCYA8pCTBa. H THrp8H rrpe}l npHHHJI nocr-poAKY HOBOA CTOJIHUbI- THrpaHa~epTa" MeCT0I10JIO)f{eHHe KOTOpoA H3-3a ,rrpOTHBope,4HA B ApeBHHX HCT04HHK3X BW3hlBaJIO pa3HOrJI8CHH cpe~K ,Y4eHbIX, rrpHMHpp.HHhIe nOBH)l.HMOMY rrOCJIe TllI.aTeJIb HhIX H3WCK3HHA Ha MeCTe. B Ha'CTOHll~ee BpeMH C4H Ta101', 41'0 THrpaH'aKepT CTO>lJI K ·ceB_epy 01' THrpa, TaM, r)l.e ceti4ac H3XOAHTCHrOpO)l.

'OTCTaJlOCTH CTpaHbI H npKOOmeHl-le ee K 3J1JfHHHCTH 1JeCKOH KYJlbType, OCHOBHhlM OIJarOM KOTOPOH Ita a PMAHCKOH 3eMJIe Jl.OJtiKHa 6b1JIa CTaTh HOBaH CTO JJrluta. TH,rpaH OKPYiKHJI ce6J1 fJlll{HhiMH rpe4eCKHMH YIJeHblMH, nHCaTeJlHMH, XY.il.OJKHHKaMH. OJl.HHM H3 'COBeTHHKOB uapH 6blJl Q:>HJIOCOCP H nOJlHTHtteCKHH .rr.eHTeJlh MeTpOllOp H3 CKenCHca, HanacaBWHH era HCTOPHIO, YTpaIJeHHYIO erne B )l.peBHOCTH; CIOJl.a 6blll npHfJJarneH H3BeCTHhIH flHCaTeJlb H pHTOp AMQ:>H- -«paT, H3rHaHHhlH H3 AQ:>HH. B COOTBeTCTBHH C HaMe peHIUIMH THrpaHa, BeCb YKJlal( rOpOl(CKOH iKH3HH )J.OJDlpy B 300000 tteJl., HeT p a 6 0 H a, KOTOPblH rOB~pHT, lJTO T"rpaH nOCeJlHJI Y ce6H B rCTOJlHne "JKHTeJleH JI.BeHa)l.uaTH 3J1J1HHCKHX ropo- .u.OB". B oKTH6pe 69 1'. )1.0 xp. 3phl JIYKYJIJI HaHec pernHTeJlhHOe nopaiKeHHe apMHHcKHM BOHCK3M nOl( THfpaHaKepToM. a 3aTeM nOCJJe nHTHMeCHlJHOH oca llhl B3HJI H pa3rpOMHJI ropo)l.. '::ha K3TacTpoQ:>3 npH BeJla K .oKOHttaTeJlbHoMY paCn3l(Y .u.epiK3BhI THrpa Ha. 3-JlJlHHH3M, CblrpaBlllHA 3HattHTeJlbHYIO, nporpec CH-B-HYIO pOJlb BO Bcex 06.'1acnIX )1013HH CTpaHbI, He HCKJHOlJaH H HCKYCCTsa, nOTepHJI 6J1arOnpHHTHYIO nO'lBY )J.JlH pacnpOCTpaHeHHH CBoero BJlHHHHH H }lOJUKe-H 6h1JI YCTynHTb MeCTO PHMY. B llaJIbHeAmeM, y)((e . B nepBble BeKa XPHCTH3HCTBa B apxHTeKType Jj

MO)f{HO BCTpenlTb .r:UUllb OT3BYKH 9J1JIHHHCTHQeCKHX-- II PHMCKHX 0PM-BOJlIOTY -Ha . KaIHlTeJlll, 3y6ell" MOJlYJIbOH Ha KapHH3e, CHJlbHO nepepa60TaHHbItl aKaHT. APM5IHCKH_e 3011lJHe HalllJlH co6CTBeHHble ny--· TH, C KOTOPhIX HH pa3Y _He CBepHYJIJI, XOTH Ha npo- - T~DKeHiiH BeKOB H BCrpellaJlH HeMaJlO OlIaCHblX lIe p·eKpeCTKOB. OiKHBJIeHHOe crpOHTeJIbCTBO rOpO)1.0B pa3Bep-- Hy.,10Cb B npaBJIeHHe nepBbIX Ll.apeH H3 )J.HHacrlln AplllaKH.lI.OB (63-429). Ha nponliKeHHH HeMHorHM 601lee lIOJIYBeKa 6blJIH ocyrn.ecTBJIeHbI TpH 3HaIJH--- TeJIbHNe CTpOHKH. HaIJaJIo nOJIO)J{HJI Tp.u.aT I, npH KOTOPOM B 66 r. pHMcKHe apxHTeKTopbI H MaCTe-- pa, BblBe3eHHhIe MM H3 YiTaJIHH, 3aHOBO OTCTPOllJIH ApTalllaT, pa3pyme-HHblH He3all.OJIrO .n.o Toro (B 59 r.)-· PIfMCKHM BOeHaqaJIbHHKOM Kop6YJIOHOM. B KOHue nepBoro HJIII B C&MOM HallaJIe BToporo BeKa CaHa- -TPYKOM 6b1JI OCHOBaH OKOJlO Eq,para-ApauaHHH ro-- pOll MUYPH, Y>Ke He cymecTBOB3BilllJH -B V B. CblH CaHaTpYKa Baraplll nOCTpOHJI B nepBoii lIoJIoilIJHe IJ B. Ha JIeBOM: 6epery Kacara B HH>KHeM ero Te-- lIeH"H ropo.n Barap'ruanaT, 06b5lBJIeHHbll\: B 163 r. CTOJIHUeif, r,rr.e nOCJIe YTBep)K,ll.eHHH B ApMeHHK. xpHcTHaHcTBa 6bIJI coopYJKeH . c060p 3IJMHa.ll.3HH H OCHOBaH MOHaCTbJ Pb, CTaBIIIHH BrIOCJIe.z:tCTBHH r JIaB- - HhIM JI.YXOBHbIM H a,lI.MHHHCTpaTHBHbIM ueHTpoM apMHHcKOH UepKBH.* 113 COQHHeH11H llpeSHHX 3BTOPOB 11 pa60T 51. A. MaHaH- - -.lUlHa: 0 ToproBJle H l'opo.aax ApMeHHH B CBSl3H C MOPO~OH ToprOBJIeM .ll.peBHHX apeMen. EpeBan. 1930 H THrpaH Bropoii H PHM. EpeB~H, 1943. . :~ Cse.n.eHHR 0 .n.peBHeHuHIx rop0.lax AplleHHH 3aHMCTBO BaBbI

1~-

ApxHTeKTypa 3THX [oponOB HaM HeH3BeCTHa, 7aK KaK Ha HX TeppHTopHH apxeORorH4eCKHe pa60 ThI He' npOH3BO.LI.MJIIICb. Ho ecm1 MhI BCrrO~IHI1M >CBoe06pa3Hble OTH'OmeHI1H, CJIOJKI1BIlllleCH B 3TO Bpel\15I Me)K.LI.Y ApMeHl1et'I n: PHMOM, KOTophIe TO rCOCT05IJII1 B C0103e, TO CTaRKHBaJII1r.b Ha ITOJIHX cpa- )KeHI1H, a TaKJKe :006meHI1H 0 TOM, 4TO 3)J,eCb Ha-. PH.LI.Y C MeCTHbIMH apXI1TeKTOpaMI1 pa60TaJII1 pl1MCKHe MaCTepa, 'TO He npl111eTCH Ylll1BRHTbCH B cRyqae 06- 'HapY)KeHI15I OCTaTKOB nocTpoeK, B KOTOPbIX 6Y.LI.YT He TORbKO OTpaJKeHbI PI1MCI{l1e cpOpMbJ, a H, B03 MO)KHO, nORHOCTblO BOCnp0I13Be.LI.eHbI pl1MCKHe 06 pa3abI. n paB.LI.ono.ll.06HOCTb TaKoro IT pe.LI.ITOROJKeHHH .fIOJl.TBepJK)laIOT BemiKOReITH bIe pa3BaRHHbI H3blqeCKO 1'0 xpaMa B rapHI1-'-.TleT,HeH pe311.LI.eHUI1H AplllaKH.lI.OB •. H3w~eCKnA xpaM B rapHH CBelleHHH ·06 ~3blqeCKHX xpaMax ApMeHHI1, 0 rpa}l{.LI.C:lHCKHX· nOCTpOH[{ aX . p.aQCMaTpll Bae- . Moro nepHO.ll.a,· BeCbMa CKYll,HbI. B C04HHeHHHX .LI.peB.' . HHX aBTopOB MO}l{HO HaHTn: .1JHlllb Ha3aaHH5I, ropo- ,.II.OB H CeJIeHHH, r.ll.e HaXO.LI.HRHCb 4THr.lbIe CBHTHRHma, Aa BeCbMa. npHyKparneHHbJe paccKa3bI 06 HX .6oraT- ·CTBax. HeT TaK}l{e apxeoRorH4eCKI1X MaTepHaRoB,. KOTopble MOrRl1' 6bl .1l.aTb Hal160Ree BepHoe· rrpen'· CTaBileHl1e ' 06 I1X apxHTeKType. B OTMeqeHHOe HH- 'TeHCHBHbIM CTpOI1TeRbCTBOM Ha pCTBOBaHHe THrpaH,a II · Ha cpopMax HOBbIX KY.TIbTOBbIX IIOCTpoeK .lI.ORJKHO ,6bI.TI0 CI<33a Tb<;:H 'BJIHHHHe 3.lIRHHH3Ma, 3aXB,a TH BIlIe ro Bce CTOPOHhI JKI13HI1. CTpaHbJ" H€ HCKRI04aH H ,pe- .RHflHI ·,.:apMHH. B 3T0 fipe'MH Halla.TI9Cb OTOJKll.e-

H KOflIa TMrpaH BbIBe3 H3 33BOeBaHHhIX HM ropo- )1,OB' MHOrOqnCJIeHHble rpel.JeCIHfe CTaTYH', O~ pa3Me-- CH'!:"J1 l1X B H3U60JIee BH.u.HbIX apM5IHCKHX xpal\1ax. PHMCKHe · cpOPMbI J H~l.JaBIIJHe npOHHK3Th B ApMeHHfO, nOCJle KpyilleiHHI JI.ep)l{3BbI THfp,m3 HallIJlH '3.u.eCb Y}l{e nb.u.rOTOBJleHHYIO nOLJBY )l.Jl5I CBo.erO pa'cnpo CTp3HeHIUI H nOTOMY BIIOJIHe BepOHTH'O, l.JTO HMeH HO TPJI.3T I, BepHYBwHl1C5I C HTaJlHHCKHMH M'acTe-" paMH H3 rrOe3JI.I{H K HepoHY, o.u.HoBpeMeHHo C BO~': CTflHOBJleHHeM ApT311I3Ta npe.u.npYfH5IJl 'c06PY}l{eH'iie' eJI.YfHCTBeHHoro H3BeCTHoro HaM 5I3b14eCKOro xpaMa; p33B3.JIHHbI KOToporo 06blQHO H33bISaK)T ,,}I.BOPll.OM tpll. a Ta". PaCKOnKI1, np0l13Be.n.eHHble 3.n.eCb B 1909-10'rr. H. 51. MappoM npH YQ3CTHH JI. v!. CMHpIH)Ha, .n.aJlH HaCTOJlbKO nOJIHbIH M8TepH3J1, 4TO HeCMOTp5I , Ha p33pYllIefme 3,ll.;HIHH no OCHOB3Hli"5I CTeH l1 , KO JlOHH, peKOHCTpYKUH5I era He npe.u.CTaBHJla oc66eH Hbl x TPY)l,HOCTeH. Bce h3MHH H31IJ.1Il1 csoe MeCTd; KpoMe nJlOXO COXp3HHBWerOC5I cpp3rMeHT3, YKP3 rneHHoro 3KaHToBoH rraJlbMeTOH, KOTOPLIH '6bl JI 06 H3pYJKeH C lO)KHOH CTOPOHbJ P3383.'1iiH. yqaCTl:30~ Ba.BWHH B 8KCne)l,HUHH K. K. POM3HOB C4HT3JI B03: MO)KHhllVt JlHlllb npe)l,nO.lJO)KHTeJlbHO onpeJI.eJll1Tb era KaK' 3KpoTepHH, BeHLJaBllIHH ' CPPOHTOH. ' He5ICHbI'~1 OCT3JlCH ' Borrpoc 0 BHJI.e nepeKpblHHIH y6paHcTB3 BH)''tpH 3)l,3HI15I. * PelwHcTPYKD,HH IIOKa3bIBaeT, 4TO BTO 6bIiiO He CBeTCKoe ' 3)l,3HYfe, ' 3 ' X paM; nOCT poeH~ HblM no. 8J1JIHHHCTH l leC!{O-pHMCKOMY 06p33~Y, CXo.n.~ '. K. fC POM(!HOB, ' Pa3B3JlHHbl xpaP,1a pHMCKoro THna B 13am-Fa.pHH. 113 HCT0PHH .uOl

UbIM B H3BeCTHOH Mepe KaK C npoBRHu,naJIbHbUnf (lOCTpOHl0PMY }J.J1HHOH OKOJIO 15 .~t H rnI1pHHOH: OKOJIO 11 .M,. Ha KOTOpoti CT05lJIH pa3pyrneHHhIe HhIHe CTeHbI neHTpaJIbHOrO nOMellleHHH (neJIJIbI) H 24 KCJIOHHbL nopTHKa. C ceBepHoH CTOPOHbl K BXOJIY nOll.bI-· MaeTCSI IllHpOKa51 JIeCTI:UlU3 H3 neBHTH M o lll.H hI X CTY neHeti. ,UBe HHiKHHe cTyneHH OKaHMJI5IIOT co BC~X. CTOPOH nOCT3MeHT, 06paaYH UOKOJIb; CJIe,LI,YlOlllHe meCTb Bpe3310TCSI B Hero, a yepXH51H, neS51Tafl,_. COBnaJ\aIOU~a51 C ypOBHeM HOJHI nopnIKa. np0.ll.OJ1-· iKaeTCH B BM,lI.e nJIHHTa Ha}J. IHbIMM H306pa/KeHHHMH aTJIaHTOB C B03~eTli.MK 16

PYKaMH, CTOSHIJ,HX Ha O.lHO~1 KOileHe. no.'1 ue.l.lbl 6bIJI npMllOJl,H5JT Ha.rr. rroJlo~.t nopTHKa Ha 0 1U1H p H.J. KaM'Heii, 06pa30BblBaBWHH y Jl.BepH cTyneHb H BbI cTynaBllIHA ,H3-ll0JI. KJIaJU{H CTeH B BH.l(e npocpl-L1H- .pOBaHHoro nJIHHTa, OTBe4aBI1lerO 6a3aM KOJIOH». B rJlaBHOH (ceBepHoti) 4aCTH nopTHKa npOllO.lJb Hble CTeHbI ueJIJIbl CHJlbHO BbIllaBaJHICb Buepe;r, B BMJI.e aHTOB, onpa3y5J OTKPblTbIH, 6e3 KOJIOHH, Be- . CTH61O.lIb C JI,BepblO B rJIy6HHe. AHTbI, KaK H fO/KHble yrJIbI CTeH 3.naHH5J, 6bIJIH 06pa60raHbI nl-I.TIHCTpa\IH. KO.'lOHHbl CT05JJHI no Bce~ly nepHMeTpy IlJla1 cjJOpMbI, IlPWH'M BTopble OT yr.lIOB npHXO.lLH~lIICb HanpOTHB nHJIHCTp IJ,eJIJIbI, LITO Onpel1.2JI5JJIO paCCTO 5lHHe Me}l{JI,y HHMH., p,umoe WHprIHe nopTHKa. Ha r JIaBHO:'vl H TbIJIOBOM, KOPOTKHX cpacana x 6bIJIO no rneCTH KOJIOHH, Ha 60KOBbIx--no BOCbMH. na3bI HX no CBOH M 06JIOM aM 6J1H3KH K TaK H33bIBael\IOH a T THQeCKOH cpopMe. I1oHHt-Ier.KHe KanHTe.IJH C 8HeprHLI HO n pope3aHHbIl\lH cn Hp3JI HMH BO.1IOT H HOHHK3MH YKparneHhl JIHCTBeHHbn1 opHaMeHTO~1, nOf{pblBaIOIl.I,H\\ 11 6aJIIOCTpbI, r,rr.e H3B3HHbI . aKaHTOBbIe H JIaBpOBbIe .1HCTb51 (T36.TI. 1). Oc06eHHo TOHKO, 3)J{YPHO HCllO.l HeHbI BeTOLIKH, HHCn3il,dIOIl.I,He TB 33BI1TKOB BO:IIOT Ha HO H H K H. B f{ 3 n If T e JI 51 X )T .r1OBbI X KOJI0 HH H3 P Y EI~ - H351 yrJTOBa51 BOJIIOT8 P3CrIO.l0iKeHa 110 .J,HarOHa.l H, a BHYTpeHH5151 COCT3BJ12H3 H3 JLByX T10J1OBHHOK npo CThIX BO.l1£OT, CX 0]1.51 Il.I,HXC51 110,::( n p51MbDI yr JIO~I. OHJI51CTPbI aHTOB H IO)KHbIX 1'r.10B H:\1CJIH 11.tlOCKHe HOHHLIeCKHe {{allHTeJTH Toro iKe BHJ,a, 4TO H KO.l0H Hb! C nHarOH3JIbHO oTBepHyTbI\1H BO.1IOTaMH. K3rlH w Te.l51\\ 11Hvl5JCTP Ha CTeHax 3,J,aHH5I OTBeqaJI OPH3 MeHTHpOBaHHbII1 HOHI1I{3MH H 6yca \Hf II051(. 1138-2 17

ApxwrpaB aHTa6.IIeMeHT3 HMeJl pa3Hble npo- KBOrO cpacalI.oB BbleH JIHCb ,D;OBOJIhHO KpYTbIe CPPOHTOHbl, OTBeqaBlIIHe !I.BycKaTHoH KpOBJIe 31laHHH. nJIacpoH rropTHKa 6bIJI COCTa BJIeH H3· 60JIbIllHX ITJIHT, YJIO>KeHHblX Ha apXHTpaRbI aHTa6JIeMeHTa KOJlOHHa.II,bI H CTeH. Ero pe3HoH HapH,D; HMeJ( BH,D; pOM6HQeCKHX H BocbMHyrOJIbHbIX opHaMeHTHpoBaH HblX KeCCOHOB, 06paMJIeHHbIX HOHHIK.II,Y KOTOPblMH HarrpoTHB KOJIOHH WJIR nonepe4HbIe rrOJlOCKH TaKO ro lKe BH,D;a, KaK H Ha HHIKHetf nJIOCKOCTH apXH Tp.a Ba. E,D;HHCTBeHH3H .lI.Bepb 311aHHH 6blJla HapHlI.HO y6paHu pe3HblMH HaJlIPIHHKOM H CJ10lKHblM CaHJI,pH

1[5

KOM B BMAe aHTa6~eMeHTa, B KOTOPOM apXHTpaBOM <:JIY}f(HJIa BepXHHH , ropH30HTaJlbHaH lIaCTb HaJlHlIHH Ka. nOp51)J.OK, KHH MeCTHble )f(HTe,IlH . HalIaJIH BbI6HBaTb H BbIJIaMblBaTh CBIHtelI., l.JTO npHBeno K oCJla6JIeHHlO CBH3H Me>K.llY KaMHHMH H npe>K.lI.eBpe- .MeHHoH fH6eJIH naMHTHHKa'. HaH60Jlee BepoHTHoH .n.aToH era 06pymeHHH K. K. POMaHoB C4HTaJI ~pe AY 15 HIOHH 1679 r., KOr.lI.a B ApMeHHH npOH301llJIO CHJIbHOe 3eMJIeTpHcPHHe.* BpeMH coopy}f(eHH~ xpaMa B fapHH T04HO He H3BeCTHO. He nOMoraeT ero onpe.n.eJIeHHlO H CBH- .n.eTe.'lbCTBO MOHCe51 XopeHcKoro, KOTOPbl~ rOBopHT, qTO f\apb Tpllar, CbIH XocpoBa, nOC-fpOHJJ B fapHH Kp€nocTHble CTeHbI H .1J:eTHHe na.1JaTbI )I.JJ5l cBoeH

* Y K, CO,!., eTp. 6f.9.

11

ceCTpbI XOCPOBHJlYXT, YKpaWeHHble KO.lIOHHaMH If 6apeJlbecpaMH, H HaQepr3JI Ha HHX B naMHTb ceoe I-ia,lI,fHfCb rpeqeCKHMH 6YKBa~lH. JIeToM 1945 r. Ha KJIaJl6Hrn.e B ' ceJIeHHM fapHH M. C. CapbHHOM tI r U. ,llaBTHHoM 6bIJI 06HapY)J{en 60JIbWOH KaMeHb, H.CnOJIb30BaHHhIH KaK Ha)l.rpo6I1e, H::t 60f{OBOt'1 CTO pOHe KOToporo Bwpe33Ha rp~qeCKaH HaJlDHCb. 4re HHe, ee ell1.e He 3af{OH 4eHO; He YCTaHOBJIeHO Tal{- )J{e-3aHI1MaJIa JII1 OHa O)l.HH HafiAeBHblM f{aMeHb I1/Hi: HMeJla npO}{'OJDKeHHe Ha COCe,lI,HeM. MO)I{HO JIMWI> oTMeTHTh, '-ITO B ,HeH rOBopMTCH, KaK C00611U1JI MH~ JI. A. l{amlHTap, 0 nOCTpoeHHM Tp)l.aTOM, npaBl1 TeJIeM BeJIMKOM Ap~leHHH, KaKorO-TO 3AaHHH, ?\1O- }KeT 6bITh AJIH ceCTpbI, - XOTH 3TO CJIOBO nOJIHOCTblO He '-II·naeTCH K BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH npeJI.nOJIO>KI1 TeJIbHO. He MCf{JIloqeHa B03MO)I{HOC'Tb, '-ITO H3ti.neHa HMeHHO Ta HaAnHCb, r:OTOpa5l B CBoe BpeMH nOc.1Y- )J{HJIa MOHcelO X9peHCKor"lY HCTO'-IHHKOM' )I,JIH ero coo6rn.eHHH 0 CTpOHTeJIbCTBe B fapHH.* Tp)I,a T (Ill), CbIH XocpoBa, u apCTBoBa.n, no MOH C e 10 X 0 P e H C h 0 MY, 56, JIeT C cepe1UiHbl III B., '-ITO onpe)l.eJIHeT npl1 1epHyIO )I,flTy coopy- )I{eHHH )I,BOPUa, ocraTKH KOToporo, no HaIlIe~ly MHe- * B CB5J3H C 06HapYllieHHeM 9TO H Ha.nn}!ClI He06;w,l.1!~0· nrOCMorpeTb 4epHOBble 3anHCH 51. VI. CMHpHosa 0 rapHH. Tal{ HaK OH Ha .nOKJla]le K· K. POMaHOBa B 06lJ~eCTSe ApXHTeKTO POB 13 1911 r. OHleUfJI: ... .B 3.lJ.amLH HMeeTC51 HannllCb C YlMeHeM u.apH TpJlaTa... npas.J.onOJI,06Hee Bcero OTHeCTI1 Ha.1011Cb K TpnaT)' III (OROJlO 315 r.)". C:\f, K. K. PO:\laHo B, YK. CO'!', CTp. 650'. BeCbMa BaMHO YCTaHOBliTb- .neticTBIHe.lJbHO JII1 B 1909-10 rr. cpe.u11